Essay about Satire In Swift And Pope - 1618 Words

The Issue of Bad Writing in Swift and Pope The eighteenth century witnessed a major revolution, in some ways more profound than the Civil War, the Printing Trade. It was a state of anarchy within which struggling writers, who came from the lower strata, were writing in journals, newspapers, magazines etc. Great consumption of these kinds of writings led to the formation of the Grub Street (a London Street inhabited by literary hacks such as writers of small histories, dictionaries and temporary poems. The term Grub Street is often used collectively for poor and needy authors who wrote for meager sums of money.) This popular culture, which in the view of historians is created, produced and consumed by people themselves, acquired an†¦show more content†¦Swift has, in this book, ridiculed various literary practices of his contemporary writers. He has poked fun at the tradition of writing prefaces which became a vehicle for the authors to denounce other writers and indulge in se lf-praise to assert their own worth. He mockingly says that his work might be criticized for not conforming to this important practice. In a tongue in cheek manner Swift claims that he must be given all the privileges which are claimed by other modern writers, for example that of being regarded as remarkably clever, witty or profound where a part of the text is put in a different type, italicized or simply obscure. By this he has only revealed the shallowness of learning and meaninglessness of the works of modern writers who unduly received fame by only catering to the craze for cheap and crude entertainment. In ‘Section V: A Digression in the Modern Kind’, under the guise of complementing the moderns and showing them superior to the ancients who are only weak glimmering lights, Swift actually exposes the shallow literature, unprincipled politics and pseudo-scientific pursuits of his contemporaries. The aim, on the surface, of ‘Section VII: A Digression in Praise of Digressions’ (A Tale of a Tub) is of defending the modern practice of introducing digressions in the literary works due to lackShow MoreRelatedEssay on Comparison of Pope and Swift1712 Words   |  7 PagesAlexander Pope and Jonathan Swift in their respective poems, The Rape of the Lock and The Progress of Beauty, offer opposite representations of the nature and function of cosmetics in eighteenth century society. In The Rape of the Lock, Pope gives a positive representation of cosmetics nature and function in eighteenth century society. On the other hand, Swifts representation takes a very negative tone. Both poets clearly appreciate and admire the natural beauty of a woman and their opposite opinionsRead More Comparison of Pope and Swift Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pages Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift in their respective poems, The Rape of the Lock and The Progress of Beauty, offer opposite representations of the nature and function of cosmetics in eighteenth century society. In The Rape of the Lock, Pope gives a positive representation of cosmetic’s nature and function in eighteenth century society. On the other hand, Swift’s representation takes a very negative tone. Both poets clearly appreciate and admire the natural beauty of a woman and their oppositeRead MoreSatire In Gullivers Travels1455 Words   |  6 Pagesof these elements that writers use is called â€Å"satire.† This element is used to make fun of something that the author disapproves of in a comical but hidden way. Widely considered as one of the greatest satirists to ever live, Jonathan Swift used satire in his works to express his disgust in society and the British Monarchy during the 18th century. One of the greatest satires ever written by Swift was Gull iver’s Travels. In Gulliver’s Travels, satire is evident through Gulliver’s voyage to LilliputRead More Contrast Between Satire in The Rape Of The Lock and A Modest Proposal1679 Words   |  7 PagesContrast Between Satire in The Rape Of The Lock and A Modest Proposal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Alexander Popes, The Rape Of The Lock and Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal are both witty satires, they differ on their style, intention, and mood. To begin, in The Rape Of The Lock, Alexander Pope uses Horation satire to invoke a light, whimsical, melancholy mood to illustrate the absurdity of fighting over the cutting of ones hair. In fact, Horation satire is defined by K. Lukes as a deviceRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Johnathon Swift801 Words   |  4 PagesJohnathon Swift employs no shortage of phrases that dehumanize the Irish people. He likens women and the poor to â€Å"breeders,† implying that the only thing they are good for in life is to procreate and profit from their offspring. He goes on to reference, â€Å"child dropped from its dam,† as if making a comparison between women and animals. Swift furthers that with talk of allowing a number of women for breeding reserves, and it being more than the allotted number to that of livestock. Swift continuesRead MoreSatire : A Modest Proposal And The Rape Of The Lock905 Words   |  4 PagesIn this paper, satire in A Modest Proposal and The Rape of the Lock wi ll be discussed. The satire within these two texts will be linked by showing how each writer attacked the accepted way of life or common belief in order to present their own opinion on the matter. What makes these two writings a good comparison is that although one is in essay form and the other in poetic form, they are both from the same time period; they were written 17 years apart in the beginning of the 18th century. This isRead MoreHow Does One Define Progress?1738 Words   |  7 Pagesnotion of improvement and advancement. However, satirist writers Jonathan Swift (1667 – 1745), Alexander Pope (1688 – 1744), and William Hogarth (1697 – 1764) undermined the notion of progress in their works in order to represent their general disenchantment with humanity. Their prose, poetry, and print works respectively condemn the society of the spectacle that begins to emerge in the 18th century. Ultimately, their satire attacks the actions and interests of Great Britain in a time of purportedRead More Comparison of Popes The rape of the Lock and Swifts A Modest Proposal765 Words   |  4 Pages Although Alexander Popes, The Rape of the Lock, and Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal are both witty satires, they differ on their style, intention, and mood. To begin, in The Rape of the Lock, Alexander Pope uses satire to invoke a capricious, melancholy mood to illustrate the absurdity of fighting over the cutting of ones hair. Hidden inside this poem is a crafty criticism of the society that helps create the crisis over the stolen lock. A Society in which appearances ere more importantRead MoreA Modest Rape : The Eighteenth Century And The Power Of Satire1715 Words   |  7 PagesPower of Satire During the restoration in the eighteenth century, wit and reason came to the forefront of literary works. Keen intellect and sharp observation exposed moral corruption of the neoclassic British society through the use of satiric literature. Although they placed importance on the ideals of order, knowledge, and rational, there was an underlying obsession with maintaining a faà §ade of moral and political supremacy. British satirists, such as Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope, aimed toRead MorePope, Swift, and Aristocratic Women Essay1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe task of satirist is to criticise the vices and follies of their contemporary society. However, the purpose of satire is to be universal. In this case, we are going to focus our attention on the works of two major poets of the 18th century which can be subscribed within Augustan literature: Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock and Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"The Lady’s Dressing Room†. In Pope’s mock-heroic verse The Rape of the Lock (1717) what is criticised is a moral fault: mainly, immoderate female

Brains Are Responsible For Everything Humans - 2322 Words

Brains are the reason humans are who they are. They control all decisions, actions, and emotions, with both large and small impacts. Brains are responsible for everything humans accomplish. Brains cause madness, genius, insanity, calamities, wars, opinions, oppression, society, and culture. They give humans their humanity. In Thresholds as early as five, brains developed and began to adapt and changed to help their host organism survive. They created order within the body for better functioning. What brains develop during these times is the basis for everything humans do today, in instincts, evolution, and more. Brains impacted and continue to impact history very strongly due to the fact that they continued to evolve very quickly and complexly after the first of their time was created, and then proceeded to dominate the Earth by creating complex mechanisms and changing constantly to adapt to the world around them. Threshold 5: During the fifth threshold, when life began, brains were created and evolved in reptiles, amphibians and early mammals to initiate the development of attributes of brains that can be seen in advanced brains today. The bodies of early creatures needed some organization due to their organs lacking much of a communication system, so they developed brains, which soon began to learn how to interact with the environment, detect food, and escape from predators which gave them a selective advantage (Clues Contained In Ancient Brain Point To The Origin ofShow MoreRelatedThe Mind, The Body, Or The Soul1394 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscoveries linking mental processes to the brain, we will define the mind as the physical brain and all of its processes, the soul as anything intangible in or around the body, and everything physical but the brain to be the body. Despite all three being popular ideas, the soul is very unlikely to even exist, and the body, while being part of our identity, is not responsible for the qualities that make us who we are, and thus, the mind has to be the responsible for making us who we are. Perhaps theRead MoreIs It Responsible For His Behaviors Either Good Or Bad?886 Words   |  4 PagesThe question whether one is responsible for his behaviors either good or bad because he has free will to decide what to do or don’t versus he has no moral responsibility on his behaviors because every act is pre-determined by his brain beyond his conscious control is definitely one of the controversial questions of today raised by psychologists, philosophers, neurologists and many others. According to the deterministic idea, everything happening is really the only thing that could happen in thatRead MoreIs It Responsible For His Behaviors Either Good Or Bad?907 Words   |  4 PagesFREE WON’T The question whether one is responsible for his behaviors either good or bad because he has free will to decide what to do or don’t versus he has no moral responsibility for his behaviors because every act is pre-determined by his brain beyond his conscious control is definitely one of the controversial questions of today raised by psychologists, philosophers, neurologists and many others. According to the deterministic idea, everything happening is really the only thing that could happenRead MoreThe Philosophical Debate On Moral Responsibility1690 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophical debate on moral responsibility has a long history. Thousands of years, many philosophers have debated on whether human beings are morally responsible for their actions. To answer this question, philosophers use terms like free will, determinism, compatibility and deservingness to help it. The question is still a major issue addressed today. To be morally responsible means to accept praise, blame, reward, or punishment for an act or omission in accordance with one s moral obligations. PeopleRead MoreEssay on Forensic Psychology1611 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation to the court system in order to continue a trial, and part of psychology because they are responsible for determining the psychological state of their client. The brain is a very complicated organ and can inhibit forensic psychologists from performing their jobs completely successfully. Forensic psychologists are responsible for so many different aspects of their client’s life that the brain can act up at many different times, and in many different forms. They must be completely objectiveRead MoreThe Nervous System1427 Words   |  6 Pagessystem is critical for human survival. 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In fact, it is important to understand that: The brain continues toRead MoreBrain Development914 Words   |  4 PagesBrain development in the first two years is the most important and critical. Maria Montessori referred to this time as of the absorbent mind Early brain development is the frame work for the road ahead. When and how the brain develops in the first two years will play a critical role into adulthood. At birth, the brain is the only incomplete organ. The brain will continue to grow through childhood and adolescents. During the first two years the brain is the most flexible and prepared to learnRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pageswho studies inspiring the dead. He wants to be the first person to give life to a dead human being. all their time to focus on this goal renounces his family and friends passed, and. When finally this is achieved, everything crumbles. 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Negotiating in China Free Essays

What a coincidence that I was Just learning â€Å"negotiation in China†, but I failed in a real negotiation exactly on the point our professor asked me and my team member to work on. It’s durance and The eight elements of Negotiation in China are: (personal connections), (intermediary), status), BaffinГ(interpersonal harmony), (holistic thinking), if+(face), and relentlessness) I and another classmate were assigned with the task of making presentation on â€Å"durance and relentlessness(chick nail)†. By reading the materials given, We need to understanding this element and know how it is working in Chinese negotiation, then according to this understanding, finding out the problems in another case,which is, how that general manager(American person) get into trouble in Negotiating with her Chinese counterpart. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiating in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now I Just read the materials and then my Job task distracted me from finishing my school assignment. There is a tender project fox+Y Million, and it’s divided into two parts, X + Y million separately. I was the main negotiator for the sub-project of X. We are called by the buyer to go to the negotiation Just one night before, in otherworld, they leave us no time to prepare thoroughly. Touchstone day, early in the morning, we started from the Hamilton one, after 3 hours intensive bargain on price, they are still having big gap in their expectations, what’s more, each party was still at their original position, with very shuttle move. Then we made a pause and went for lunch. After lunch, they again avian big differences in expectation. Then they made a pause again, and come to our part- the X part. Seeing that it was such a difficult negotiation for them, we wanted to do it faster and be more direct and efficient. Therefore, we made concessions on their demands much quicker. Then the problem came, due to this quick concession, we lost our position, and we were pushed again and again, and our price got lower and lower, until we get to a common result, a much lower selling price than we expected! Then they came back again to Y part, another round of slow and difficult negotiation, each party standing on their own position. Finally both made concessions and got to a final result. Remembering how they were negotiating, doing the presentation on Chinese negotiation today, especially on the chick nail( durance and relentlessness) part. I suddenly understand what I missed. I was trying to get it more direct and efficient. Found out the result was not as expected. In many cases, people need to be prepared with more durance and How to cite Negotiating in China, Papers

Mental Health Nursing Major Depressive Disorder

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Nursing for Major Depressive Disorder? Answer: 1: In context to the present case study, the nursing diagnosis that would be appropriate for Jessica is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). 2: According to Kupfer Philips (2012), the common signs and symptoms that have been observed in the case of patients suffering from Major Depressive Disorder include depressed mood, showing diminished interest for the activities associated with, weight loss, insomnia, fatigue, feeling of worthless, diminished ability to concentrate or think and repeated thoughts of death. All the mentioned symptoms have been isolated in case of Jessica. In recent days, Jessica has also been diagnosed with insomnia, fatigue, weight loss, depressed mood and thoughts of feeling worthless. 3: While interviewing Jessica, the nurses need to use a set of clinical tools that includes proper monitoring and assessment of MDD. The nurse shall need to design a structured clinical plan for diagnosing the Jessica. It is also essential that the nurse shall assess the persistence and the duration of symptoms observed in Jessica. The tools that the nurse may implement for interviewing Jessica may include different kinds of self-reports that will help in measuring the extent of depression. This specifically includes implementation of Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-2), and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Qaseem et al., 2016). 4: The three examples of Non-pharmacological interventions are: Interpersonal Therapy According to National Institute of Mental Health, interpersonal therapy is one of the most important therapies used for MDD (Matcham et al., 2013). Interpersonal therapy will help to correct the present social dysfunction. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy This is considered as the most promising type of non-pharmacological intervention that can be implemented in case of Jessica. The therapy particularly aims at correcting the negative thoughts and the dysfunctional attitudes (Kupfer Philips, 2012). This will play a significant role in treating and understanding the present condition from which Jessica is suffering. Psychoanalytically Oriented Therapy This particular therapy will also be beneficial for Jessica as it focuses on improving the hypothesized unconscious phenomena such as the thought that includes internal conflict (Matcham et al., 2013). The therapy will also help in analyzing the reasons for the outburst with which the patient remains associated with. References Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., Phillips, M. L. (2012). Major Depressive Disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives.The Lancet,379(9820), 1045-1055. Matcham, F., Rayner, L., Steer, S., Hotopf, M. (2013). The prevalence of depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Rheumatology,52(12), 2136-2148. Qaseem, A., Barry, M. J., Kansagara, D. (2016). Nonpharmacologic versus pharmacologic treatment of adult patients with major depressive disorder: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians.Annals of internal medicine.

An Analysis of Good Country People by Flannery O’Connor Essay Sample free essay sample

First. see Flannery’s subject â€Å"redemption through catastrophe† In merely a few words. portion your ideas on why Joy-Hulga is or is non in demand of salvation? See what was she like before her brush with Manley Pointer? Has she changed? Before her brush with Manley Pointer. Hulga idea of herself as more rational than everyone around her. She wasn’t spiritual ; she didn’t believe in God. She was a smart miss with a PhD and an atheist attitude. This changes when Manley Pointer ( I conjecture ) about rapes her. but doesn’t and merely takes her leg and leaves her in the barn. I guess at this point she started to desire to believe that there is a God who saved her. This incident likely restored her religion in faith after this. Second. remark on the statement â€Å"†¦ there is a wooden portion of her psyche that corresponds to her wooden leg† ( qtd. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Good Country People by Flannery O’Connor Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page in text. 234 ) . Let’s drama â€Å"find the symbols. † If Joy-Hulga’s wooden leg is symbolic of something in her psyche. how do you construe the scene in the barn with Manley Pointer. the Bible salesman I think the scene in the barn represented evil itself. When Hulga was in the barn with Manley Pointer. he ended up scoring her and doing her return off her leg to demo that she loved him. Then he ended up stealing her leg and abandoning her at that place. I think this could typify the action of immorality that made Hulga recognize God’s grace and clemency.

The awaited sex and the city film The WritePass Journal

The awaited sex and the city film Introduction The awaited sex and the city film IntroductionResearch problemLiterature research two (a): What writers say about Sex and the CityConclusion ReferencesRelated Introduction In 2008 the awaited Sex and the City film was first displayed to millions of thirty-something women across the world. The film was produced, based on the success of the television show that saw four different women celebrate and discuss topics such as friendship, singledom, sex and fashion. The times writer Kate Spicer suggested Sex and the City is a demographic for the way women can break away from old traditions. â€Å"It’s for a new Russian demographic – women trying to break away from old Asian ideas about the man being the main provider . . . struggling with the problems equality and freedom can bring (Spicer, 2008). For me, Sex and the City may have highlighted areas of celebration for women. However, it has also highlighted areas of negativity, such as the discussion of the feminist and the women’s actions being exploited negatively. The purpose of this Dissertation is to first develop a better understanding about the nature of feminism, according to researchers in the field, look at contemporary sources. The second is to compare this to what other writers have said about Sex and the City, concentrating on the research done by other writers of Sex and the City. I will then complete my research by trying to understand the issues that focus around the professional gendered work place, I believe this will give me enough structure to be able to research both Sex and the City films. Below, I have presented my Hypothesis, that will be followed by my main objectives, goals and research questions and a brief structure of the dissertation. The back ground of the key issues surrounding my Hypothesis are;   1) Sex and the City has many critics, this is due to the nature of the characters that take risks. Unfortunately this has caused the audience to segment. Are the view of feminists the same? 2) Socially, the television series highlighted areas of lust for women, did the contemporary thirty something women of the show change the way the protagonist acts? 3) Has Sex and the City ‘swayed’ into another area of pop culture? The people who will most value the research are people that talk and share ideas about contemporary feminism issues. The approach I am using is more direct – looking at the scholars, and comparing core texts to a fiction adaptation that is more popular. If Sex and the City display an encouraging sense of feminism, then the younger generation will be able to understand more about the roots of feminism. Chapter two is the Literature Review and is the account on what has been published on the topic. I will focus on primary research and articles accredited by scholars and researchers. Here I will be able to synthesize results into a summary of what is already known, identify areas of controversy in the literature and formulate questions that need to further research. Chapter three is the Research Methodology and this section simply explains what I have done, why I did it, where I did it and with whom I did it. Each of my data collection will be described in detail in justification to my research questions. Chapter four is the Analysis of my results and presentation of the data I captured. This will either be by comment from observation. Here I will be discussing my hypothesis and whether or not that tests was confirmed or rejected. Chapter five is the Discussion of the results which will overview my research. My final chapter will be my Bibliography which ill contain a complete listin g of all the materials (journal, website, books and magazines) that I have cited in the body of the dissertation. Research problem Feminism is a term that is often heard to explain women’s liberations in the 1970’s. In relates to problems connected with society and sexism. For the purpose of this literature review I want to find out how feminism first relates to Sex and the City, then discuss the different types, if any of feminism hopefully this will underpin any sub problems. Firstly, the idea that feminism is a single coherent view point is not true. Feminists are different and throughout history the way in which feminism has been treated varies by ‘waves’. These waves according to many scholars fall at certain points in time, which are most relevant? I noticed that many scholars used terms to present the way in which SATC is illustrated towards it’s audience. In an era of ‘must see television’ Negra believes that, â€Å"The series’ highly ambivalent investment in a notion of ‘post feminism,’ a cultural catchphrase most often used to express a widely-shared assumption that feminism is no longer desirable or viable† (Negra, 2004). According to Baxter, â€Å"The lives of four white, middle class, thirty something, female friends negotiating the consumer and mating culture of New York, challenged former media representations of femininities† (Baxter, 2000). Kuruc suggests, â€Å"Despite its reputation as innovative programme that allows women a ‘distinct’ voice with a male dominated society, ‘Sex and the City,’ reinforces gender based stereotypes with the use of fashion† (Kuruc, 1998). Arthurs suggests, â€Å"Sex and the City can be compared to previous examples of post feminist, women cantered drama produced for prime time network television in the US. These dramas that in the wake of the second wave feminism selectively deploy feminist discourses as a response to cultural changes in the lives of their potential audience that is addressed to white, heterosexual, and relatively youthful and affluent† (Arthurs, 2003). Thus, each problem refers to a different matter surrounding feminism. These problem broadly are ‘Post Feminism’ – what is this?, Stereotypes and representations of women and discourses show the cultural changes in society for women. For my second review of literature I will focus my discussion based on the results of the previous data. The earliest account of feminism, according to many scholars is the first wave of feminism. The First Wave refers to the middle of the 19th century, in a time when gender equality was politically perceptible. For women of this era, â€Å"the unjust political standings of the governments officially mandated inequalities helped produce a women’s movement† (Krolokke, 2005). Arguably, in the UK and the USA there were many feminist women who helped shape the movements who eventually went onto win reforms in education, healthcare, workplace   and see women’s rights to the vote. Writer (2007) suggests these people were; â€Å"Mary Wollstonecraft, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Olympia Brown, and Helen Pitts; there are countless more. Most people consider the first-wave to have ended when the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed, granting women the right to vote† (Writer, 2007). However, Krolokke suggests that the in-equality for women goes fu rther back than the 19th century. â€Å"The struggles of bourgeois European women for education and civil rights in the wake of the French Revolution (1789–99)† (Krolokke, 2005.p.2) were equally hard struggles. The First Wave of Feminism arguably is the birth of this feminist debate. However the problems encountered in the first wave were more social problem, rather than the ones that scholars of SATC were talking about. The second wave feminists assert both the equality of both men and women using political and legal forms. They must not be confused for people who dislike men, but as people who envisioned equality in the non-altering views of society. In Whites book ‘Women’s Magazines between 1693 – 1968’, an indication of women’s occupations throughout the industrial revolution (18th and 19th century) represent second wave feminism.   One of Whites most clear example is the illustrious Emily Faithfull who wrote several magazines for women’s freedom of free thinking. â€Å"Emily Faithful was exceptional in actually achieving the establishment of her own printing press† (Davis, 2005). She battle trade unions, she commented on men and women’s job roles in a society driven by men, â€Å"provided opportunities for women in the print industry† (Davis, 2005) and this â€Å"challenged long-term assumptions about the kinds of work women could do† (Davis, 2005). The term feminist during the industrial revolution stood for exclusion, male centered judgment and undervalued for women who experienced work. Faithfuls was a social rebellion in the 18th and 19th century, however her visions on second wave prejudice targeted women as victims of society empowered women on a even bigger social scale. These actions, according to Krolokke suggests, second wave feminism refers to â€Å"the radical feminism of women’s liberation movement of the late 1960s and 70s† (Krolokke, 2005, p.7). Women in the early 1960’s and 1970’s were also subjects to a slaughter of brand and consumer culture that many women saw as, â€Å"victims of oppressive beauty culture† (Krolokke, 2005, p8). They wanted freedom against a patriarchal-commercialized society dominated by men. This made women protest against sexist discrepancies in their everydayness throughout the 19th century. However now with forms such as The Equal Pay Act and the professional status is more equal. Below are examples of the why the US Department of Labour sanctioned many anti-discriminating policies that offer women’s right in a Western society; The Equal Pay Act of 1963 â€Å"Amended the FLSA to prohibit pay discrimination because of sex† (FWS, 2005). â€Å"The Equal Pay Act (1963) required employers to pay men and women equally. Men and women must have equal responsibility, skills and efforts in the same conditions† (FWS, 2005). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 â€Å"This also protects workers against discrimination on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in most on-the-job aspects of employment† (FWS, 2005). â€Å"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 It states that employers must recruit for jobs without discrimination, however in a male dominated working world some people could argue that the design of promoting jobs is not sensitive enough. However Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as amended in 1978, specifically prohibits discrimination because of pregnancy. Employers cannot refuse to employ a woman because of pregnancy or terminate her, force her to go on leave at an arbitrary point during pregnancy, or penalize her because of pregnancy in reinstatement rights including credit for previous service, accrued retirement benefits, and accumulated seniority† (FWS, 2005). Second wave feminists in thetwenty first century tackle more personal obstacles. An example may be when a women is ‘devalued’ by a man due to unequal standings in domestic sphere or in the work place. Spheres that genders occupy have been the focus study of gender constructions through society but the root comes from the way genders are shaped from birth. This is a Marxist view on society and suggests â€Å"sexism is the sole route cause for inequality debate† (Seidman et al, 2006). Seidman et al raises strong arguments on feminism as a social identity. He believes that feminism contrasts the Marx approach of social studies by suggesting â€Å"we are conditioned to act as a certain gender type† (Seidman et al, 2006). His visions of conditioning gender through experience would therefore â€Å"change the nature of how we act through urban society as men and women† (Seidman et al, 2006). According to Krolokke â€Å"The third wave is buoyed by the confidence of having more opportunities and less sexism† (Krolokke, 2005). We understand that women were miss-treated and   victims of the 60s and 70s, could the third wave suggest that they have now reformed? Rockler-Gladen (2007),   suggest   the â€Å"Third Wave focuses on the economic, political, social, and personal empowerment of women. This wave of feminism focuses more on the individual empowerment of a women and less on active nature of social reform. ‘It celebrates women’s journeys to build meaningful identities in the complex contemporary world† (Rockler-Gladen, 2007). We can relate Krolokee’s understanding of third wave feminism to my primary research argued by Jane Arthurs. Thus, Arthurs suggested, â€Å"These dramas that in the wake of the second wave feminism selectively deploy feminist discourses as a response to cultural changes† (Arthurs, 2003). Often people get confused about the third wave due to the image of feminism that popular culture has constructed. According to Krolokke, this is a â€Å"one-sided portrayal†Ã‚   (Krolokke, 2005, p.16). Thus, third wave feminists have certain characteristics. They ‘encourage women to explore sexual options and express themselves in whatever ways they feel comfortable’ (Suite101, 2010), â€Å"celebrate diversity† (Suite101, 2010) â€Å"invite women to be to be angry, aggressive, and outspoken† (Suite101, 2010) but overall â€Å"third wave feminists like to think of themselves as survivors, not victims† (Suite101, 2010). Therefore does SATC promote women in the sense of third wave feminism? To an extent the literature is also suggesting the third wave often celebrates the second waves achievements. Sex and the City if often referred to as forum for feminist discussion because it is structured round four middle class women who relate to political, individual and socialistic problems. The demographic that Arthur recognises suits Krolokke’s ideas that the media has a â€Å"one-sided portrayal†Ã‚   (Krolokke, 2005, p.16) of feminism. However, Negra suggests, â€Å"that feminism is not about the state of one women’s suffrage, it is a lot wider† (Negra, 2004). For example, the ideal demographic for SATC is a women   from a   white middle class background. She is a victim of feminism because she is undervalued solely because she is a women, when she attends a interview that she does not get because she is not a man. This is considerably different to someone from Africa, who’s bases for women’s rights are because they’re children cannot go to school. Thus, there are differences in feminism, that come from different geographical backgrounds. Therefore there is a more universal objectives for many third wave feminists who â€Å"challenge notions of universal womanhood and articulate ways in which groups of women confro nt complex intersections of gender, sexuality, race, class and age related concerns† (Krolokee, 2005). The Post Feminist feeling of today stems from popular culture according to many scholars. It is apparent that many writers suggest that television shows such as Ally McBeal (1997-2002), Designer Women (1986 – 1993) and Zena Warrior Princess (1995 -2001) are â€Å"texts of post-revolution feminist sensibility† (Gerhard, 2005, p.40). This relates heavily you the way in which Baxter challenges representations of feminism through popular culture, though Lotz’s suggests â€Å"confusion over the terminology many signify one of the key obstacles facing feminist advances at the dawn of the 21st century† (Lotz, 2001, p.1). Is this a problem that faces SATC? Thus, Gerhard suggests â€Å"Lotz’s description of contemporary feminism theory is accurate, her use of the term post-feminism to describe these developments are confusing† (Gerhard, 2005, p.41). Therefore to describe Post Feminism from another approach, by Arthurs or Moseley is the â€Å"converge nce of popular culture and select aspects of feminism organized through revisiting the distinction between feminism and femininity† (Gerhard, 2005, p.41). Therefore looking back at the previous waves and selecting aspects of different series, produced for the empowerment of women that suggests that the characteristics of feminism are no longer there. So we can see that evidently the views upon Post Feminism have a certain notion of female confusion. My discussion refers to the significance of how the term is used because It is played on a synonymous meaning of the third wave but refers to the contemporary term that feminists are no longer needed. To better understand the term, I will find some examples using literature and texts to further discover what is meant; Naomi Wolf’s ‘The Beauty Myth (1991)’ published with the â€Å"backlash against feminism† (Whelehan, 1995, p.216) in the time when ‘Post Feminism’ was coined. â€Å"The oppressive book preceded to surround feminism in particular constraints, however using a new perspective on some old problems for feminism† (Whelehan, 1995, p.216). Wolf argued that the second wave feminism era was full of beauty culture and society struggles and that contemporary issues regarding women’s un finished bodies and influences to get plastic surgery Is brainwashing and is feminism. The counter-acts the idea that ‘Post Feminism’ is needed in today’s society. Thornham suggest, â€Å"More recent writing has been less hostile† (Thornham, 2007). This relates to Brudson (1997) who suggests the term is, â€Å"useful in describing a cultural shift in both discourse and popular representations† (Thornham; Brudson, 1997). This shows a cultural shift in how the term is less represented or radical which relates to Arthurs suggestion that 1) â€Å"Sex and the City can be compared to previous examples of post feminist† (Arthurs, 2003) and 2) using â€Å"discourses as a response to cultural changes in the lives of their potential audience that is addressed to white, heterosexual, and relatively youthful and affluent† (Arthurs, 2003). Thornham’s book is one similar to others regarding Women, Feminism and Media studies that all seem to have similar contemporary views on Post Feminism. Small Summary From selected reading I was able to define the concepts of feminism in regards to SATC. I found out the SATC is a text that not only evaluates the life’s of women, but also stereotypes the old traditions of women. Carrying on my secondary research I will ask the following questions based on surrounding problems that I found above; 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What do other writers believe are the problems surrounding feminism in SATC? 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The previous waves of feminism have taught me that the problems in the modern day are more personal. So, what social problems arise for women in the professional working environment? Literature research two (a): What writers say about Sex and the City A growing aspect of SATC is the demanding battle to keep the sense of the tradition, for women. Because if not kept, then the ideal femininities of feminism, tilt away from the root cause. This is often blamed by emerging programmes, â€Å"the programmes have emerged at a time when young women in Western societies are gaining better educational qualifications, entering the labour market in unprecedented numbers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (McRobbie, 2008, p.534). Similar to Arthurs suggestion of cultural change. This relates to ‘hyper feminine’ figures in such television dramas as SATC that often play out a celebratory roles that path and engage with women, in this case influence or promote the post modernist approach of women and work. Hyper feminine characters of SATC   are often noted as a ‘forum’ of sexuality for television   and the feminist movement to thrive from, the women are often seen   ‘in-line with the popular culture’ thus, according to N egra â€Å"pathologize thirty something single women as abject, deviant or deficient† (Negra, 2004, p.4). Therefore the modernist approach is seen as celebratory for women but the post modern approach can some times be miss-leading, tilting away from their common social norms can be seen as negative. However, Kuruc’s idea of using fashion to display the individualities relates heavily to the hyper feminine figure because women who have an interest in clothes who are the typical the demographic for SATC. However, most scholars have shared their views on feminism and the SATC films in many different lights. Baxter suggests that someone who understands the modernist or feminist approach to SATC is someone who â€Å"who has personal and political liberation from male patriarchy† (Baxter, 2009, p.91). He then suggests, somebody who reads SATC   in the light of a post-modernist or Post Feminist â€Å"is someone who see’s life in a is complexity, multiplicity, richness of experience, connections with other s and action based nature of modern life† (Baxter 2009, Butler, 2006; Mills, 2002; Weedon, 1997). Baxter raises the argument that relates to Kuruc’s suggestion, â€Å"various life style identities are polarized in terms of their representations of stereotypical femininity and masculinity, other times multiple versions of gender are celebrated and problematical† (Baxter, 2009, p.94). Thus, we understand   third wave feminists often celebrate the dimi nish of sexism, but the polarization that Baxter mentions shows   how the text SATC, connotes second wave dilemmas. Henry suggests that because of the recent shift in romance and women based television dramas there has been a â€Å"shifting representation of feminism on TV† (Henry, 2004) that has been the cause of popular feminine culture changing in the US. The US was where SATC was most popular, according to Sex and the City user rating is in the top one hundred television series of all time rating at number seventy-six and having just under eleven million viewers each week throughout the series (IMDB, 2010). Looking   into the importance of the media images of sexuality, dramas and films such as Bridget Jones (2001), Ally McBeal (1997-2002) and other anti-feminist texts, has enhanced the sexual freedom of a women. SATC â€Å"embodies what is now referred to as ‘third wave feminism’. During the last decade numerous books, magazines and websites emerged, proclaiming the arrival of feminism’s next generation† (Henry, 2004, p.70). Negra explores the concept taken up after the 9/11 attacks of New York and how recent films since the attacks has made the City, the ideal sensitive place to set a ‘chick flick’. Thus, Negra’s idea was that, films that were once set in the City portrayed women as either â€Å"misguided and troubled† (Negra, 2008, p.54). According to Negra films such as Attraction (1987) and Sleepless in Seattle (1993) â€Å"privatized female work† (Negra, 2008, p.54). The attacks on New York (September 11th 2001) have left the City vulnerable and sensitive, therefore women’s work and profession have become more resourceful in many film and television dramas. This could be blame on the buildings that could â€Å"express singular power† (Negra, 2008, p.52) in a sensitive environment, thus SATC does use the expressions of urban architecture in its series. Kuruc studied the feminist tools of fashion throughout the television series of Sex and the City. She experienced signs of gendering and sexism that relate to the liberal battles women under went. Each character wore different styles of fashions throughout the series is excel their identity for example, business, leisure or style. This apposed to men who were generally seen in suits at work, the women were rarely seen at work relying on an image where women’s best kept occupation lies in marriage. The women seemed to be fine with not working, however three had good jobs, however they never were talked about. It was a sign the feminism meant that economically they were financially stable because they were suited by a male figure. Thus, many liberal or second wave feminists would find this offensive – â€Å"each character produces elements of narrative that symbolize gender† (Kuruc, 1998, p.203). The verdict that many scholars experienced is that, to a degree the c ontemporary cosmopolitan illustration can be read by a modernist and post modernist perspective. Literature research two (b): What are the issues in the gendered professional city? Websites such as The F word have been set up to help encourage young feminists to collectively come together to share ideas, interests and views on different matters to show that â€Å"feminism does exist today† (F –Word, 2010). Feminist writers or educators such as Catherine Redfern (F-Word UK) felt inspired to regularly update their press to thousands of readers each day and find new feminist voices. The F-Word brand themselves as â€Å"contemporary UK feminism† (F-Word, 2010); they are a webzine â€Å"designed to help encourage a new sense of community among UK feminists, and to show the doubters that feminism still exists here† (F-Word). They recently posted an article called The professional masquerade: Women working in corporate finance are expected to adhere to sexist and objectifying dress codes, the story was objectifying the notion that women were still seen as objects (2010). Even though there has been a great implement on the equality of gender in a contemporary city, there has been much research done looking at a women’s visibility in urban environments. â€Å"To most casual observers there is no difference, but according to Booth some work, however attracts less notice, household   and domestic work† (Booth, 1996).. These dynamic factors developed our understanding of today’s labour market and the Industrial revolution shaped jobs for women as we have seen in the second wave of feminism in newly developed cities such as London. The expansion of this meant additional positions for women and new opportunity determined women’s roles shaping the urban environment. New labour had gr eat emphasis on regeneration that would battle social exclusion that looks at women’s experience in urban generation. These are signs of a cosmopolitan city in particular the customs that suburban women have bought to the city such as sensitivity that could argue the need for the policies and reforms suggested earlier. Fawcett Online are a website that aims to close the gap between gender inequality. Research done by Fawcett suggest â€Å"that 72% of the 2010 budget cuts George Osborne proposed, savings will be coming out of women’s pockets† (Fawcett, 2010). Online activists such as Fawcett online are seeking a judicial review of the budget. Thanks to legislations from reforms in 2007, â€Å"the equality act states that public authorities have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination and harassment, and promote equality of opportunity between men and women† (Fawcett, 2010). Fawcett Online were also at the front of the equal pay in the UK published in 2010 as they found â€Å"women working full-time in the UK are still paid on average 16.4% less per hour than men† (Fawcett, 2010). Again Fawcett called upon the government to bridge a gap between them and equality. This relates to Reinardy, who found that â€Å"The stress of women is compounded by family issues, sexism, discrimination and the proverbial glass ceiling that limits professional prosperity† (Reinardy, 2009, p.43). Reinardy’s theory that women are more likely to leave work falls into the category of in-equality at the work place and relates to the gender pay gap. As suggested before there are numerous policies to over come these problems but with so many women leaving work, â€Å"In the U.S in 2005, women accounted for 46.3 percent of the labour force† (Reinardy, 2009, p.42) but â€Å"(25 percent) leaving because of working conditions† (Reinardy, 2009, p.43) i t still seems clear that there is increased pressure for women to work. Bitch magazine (Response to popular pop culture quarterly) are a non-profit feminism magazine that offer a voice to young women who may be influenced by pop culture. It is a chance for women to speak freely about the issues that they want to speak freely about. The website offers more contemporary and political reading, however the majority of the content is based around sexuality, and how or what we should be wearing similar to the issues contemporary feminists the F-Word are discussing. The Women’s Library â€Å"is a cultural centre housing the most extensive collection of womens history in the UK† (London met, 2010). The website is an over view for the Library situated in the Met University. The registered museum dedicated to women of London offers collections on women’s rights such as employment. Books on topics such as equality laws are found, and often loaned out to women to create a wider voice of feminism. In Youth Media Reporter (Issue 6, 2008) Pouncey highlighted areas of bias for women of the seats of Congress. â€Å"In 2007, only 86 of the 535 seats in Congress were held by women – a mere 16.3%† (Pouncey, 2008, p.258). Youth Media Reporter like other non profit magazines are out there to spread a new voice because they believe many young women still get affected by feminism. Feminism according to Pouncey and Youth Media Reporters is â€Å"the lifelong inability to take myself seriously as a worker† (Pouncey, 2008, p.258) that according to my research suggest that they see feminism through the second wave. This statement is part of their ambition to show young women that there are great women role models out there; such as the magazines above, this Youth Media Reporter produce a monthly magazine so they make a more accurate reflection on our 21st century world. SATC was produced for women, however a study showed that in 2007 â€Å"only 15% of behind the scenes talent (directors, producers, writers, cinematographers and editors) on top grossing films in the U.S were women, and the number in fact decreased in the last 10 years† (Pouncey, 2008, p.258). For many contemporary women, the emphasis on culture, in particular film, is delivering mixed messages to women. However, the third wave suggests that through sexuality women can express themselves on a more personal level, it even encourages it. The films director   Michael Patrick King, is gay, a testament of the third wave liberation and the chance for women to accept the sexuality of a man in this circumstance. Thus, when a culture changes, so does the control behind it, many feminist liberators have created means and ways of auctioning and showing support to popular culture in the way of websites, work shops and books. Borda recognizes that the third wave of feminism is not out dated, she believes that this I still a topic of discussion and concerns her topics about the conflict b etween women’s professional and personal identities. She suggests that third wave feminism is misguided and understood wrong, scholars that identified the new wave, were robbed by the thoughts of the media who branded it with the edge of women’s way of getting away from the notion of second wave and what was not complete. Her essay on the Live Nude Girls demonstrates contemporary women’s culture which is â€Å"mainly economic and gender oppression that women continue to face during their daily lives† (Borda, 2009). To summarise this part of my secondary literature review I can see that the demographic for women and work based around the contemporary City relates to Arthurs suggestion again. In the western environment according to Beasley, â€Å"Divides gender into two categories, one being male and the other being female† (Beasley, 2005, p.37). This refers to ‘gendering’ in a contemporary Western society as binary. â€Å"Two categories are not merely regarded as distinct and opposed, they are also put into hierarchy in which one is typically cast a positive and negative† (Beasley, 2005, p.37). Beasley’s argument is understandable and visible to most, the argument relates to gender stereotyping that has led us to believe that â€Å"gender is not neutral, typically this can be seen as sexist in areas such as the work place† (Beasley, 2005, p.40). Beasley evaluated research that he had done on the roles of different genders in urban environments. He found t hat western cultures allocate men and women’s roles, â€Å"Men typically have more of a public involvement, due to work, sports and leisure that are seen as masculine roles. Women have a predominately domestic role in life such as housework, housewife’s and childcare. In a contemporary city this is seen as sexist because both sexes occupy the same space† (Beasley, 2005, p.42). Pringle found that â€Å"corporate managing roles are normally male dominated jobs, while women’s roles are less active, such as secretaries (Pringle, 2005, p.38). This relates to the sexual division of labour, that can be related to the survival instincts of animals. Pringle suggests, â€Å"the hunter is the man and the career and gatherer is the woman† (Pringle, 2005). Pringles irrational debate of women connotes feminism; in today’s post-feminist world some would argue these visions started liberal action for women against society in the late 1960’s and 70â €™s. An interesting point to make clear would be to emphasise how theory related to social studies relates to the way in which SATC is transcribed in reference to the way in which the working women in the professional city is seen. Group dynamics is a topic influenced by many different scholars, thus it fits the nature of the surrounding topic, in particular the Classical Organization Theory. This refers to male power in professional organizations is sometimes known as homosociability. It is a term that illustrates the understandings of the male gender and the â€Å"organisational cultures and ideas of rational decision-making and effective management are overlaid with notions of masculinity† (Ramsay and Parker, 1992). So it is an irrational view of the constructions of a gendered society. There are many gender related theories that are based on a rational view of society. A modern approach one called the Classical Organization Theory, which is based on universal rationality. Max Weber (1864 1920)developed the theory based on bureaucracy, power and control, of basic knowledge through the use of legal authority. His primary goal was to find a way in â€Å"which avoided the corruption, unfairness and nepotism characterizing most 19th century organizations† (HRM, 2010). To succeed that, â€Å"power is principally exemplified within organizations by the process of control† (HRM, 2010). Therefore in the purest form a respect for equality amongst a universal demographic within the workplace was his goal. Weber outlined some main functions that organizations are characterized by, an example according to HRM is; â€Å"a continuous organization of official functions bound by rule† (HRM, 2010). In terms of Male power in the work place, there are often signs of bureaucracy amongst the modern day environment. Gender neutral is many organizations such as the public services are traditionally noted for being irrational. Today, signs of rationality are changing that stigma; policemen and firemen are either becoming officers or rationally sharing the practice of fire or policewomen when needed. From a Liberal Feminists point of view according to Acker (1991), the aims for women in the workplace is ‘empowerment’ and thinks of â€Å"organizations as gender neutral† (Acker, 1991). In terms of a Post Modern feminist approach, one â€Å"recognises that gender and sexuality are constantly at work in organizations† (Acker, 1991) and â€Å"investigates how gender identities are constantly produced in organizations† (Acker, 1991). Thus, Weber’s theory can be criticised by gender as part of our identity and personality. The performance of us as individuals cannot always be played out by norm. Weber’s theory relies on authority and rules that can be broken. Thompson and McHugh (2002) point out that â€Å"their working conditions are conducive to psychological failure. In short, people are treated more as infants than competent human beings† (HRM, 2010).   According to scholars however, this can be the cause of making gender visi ble in the work place. Sexual harassment, gender discrimination and the gender gap are problems n the work force seen each day. Although men and women occupy the same space in many organizations such as work, they are bullied as a minority by a male dominated environment. Following on from the Classical Organizational Theory, is theory based on group space and the diversity of a group. People who function well together to achieve goals are sometimes called in-groups. They produce positive work and use each others strengths to achieve goals. According to many scholars in group dynamics, this is normally formed in the orientation stage of groups. In a work place, â€Å"positive attitudes to in-groups enable people to bolster their self-esteem† (Stainton, 2003). The opposed, however refers to a negative dynamic functions of a group. These groups are called out-groups â€Å"negative attitudes to out-groups allow them to distance themselves from groups who threaten their self-esteem† (Stainton, 2003). Positive attitudes come from individuals in a group that can influence. Based on their personality group individuals can en-force a group to hit targets and manage together. Personality can be positive because many factors can account; the way in which you are brought up can influence your work ethic, drive, social skills and balance. However, negative attitudes come from the same source. Too much work ethic can drive others away, the drive and social skills may vary from others causing other group roles and smaller groups to form. This according to relates to leading scholars Tuckman, Banet and Jones theories about negative cohesions in a group; often Interdependence and Intragroup Conflict can arise. Tuckman developed the four stages of group dynamics that can produce a functioning group. Forming, this according to team building UK is â€Å"Time is spent planning, collecting information and bonding† (TBUK, 2010). The second stage is the most important stage in the group process and the most social ‘storming’, â€Å"Relationships between team members will be made or broken in this phase and some may never recover† (TBUK, 2010) often referred to storming. In many working environments peoples interactions and based on a more professional level, rather than social therefore bonds are often built on a positive nature and develop into negative bonds. However, males with personal sexist issues often express their beliefs in this stage. The third stage ‘norming’ â€Å"tends to be a move towards harmonious working practices with teams agreeing on the rules and values by which they operate† (TBUK, 2010). Therefore the final stage ‘perfor ming’ is based on how well the other groups functions. The work place can cause conflicts in many ways. Women can be victims of homosociability. In reference to the theory, it is obvious how women are diverted by men into out groups; In-groups consisting of males produce negative dynamics in a group, there can be prejudice and sexual discrimination as a cause and research shows that in-groups will try and control out-groups. Referring back to literature research two (a): What writers say about Sex and the City From the film, I found that the encouragement of sexuality and diversity is used on many occasions. In relation to the reading, this is a sign on individual and personal empowerment that many scholars believe is third wave feminism. An example from the film is Samantha. On various occasions Samantha’s mouth gets the better of her. One of the most important scenes is when Carrie and Big are celebrating their engagement dinner when one of Bigs old work friends is being boisterous, talking over Samantha’s speech. Her reaction first of all is to leave it, however after the second occasion she feels the need to tell him to â€Å"Shut up you Jackass†. This is an example of Samantha celebrating unfeminine emotions that wouldn’t have been acceptable in the past. Being loud, angry and outspoken Samantha’s comments relate to the reading in terms of Gladen (2007) social and personal empowerment. This relates to the shifting representation of feminism on TV mad e by Henry (2004), the importance of media images and sexuality is SATC enhances the sexual freedom. This is third wave because scholars believe that these characteristics signify third wave feminism. From the first film, I found that the ladies from SATC represent their own struggles through the forms of sexualized representations of other people. When the ladies attend an auction for a previous wife of a millionaire prince who’s auctioning of her fortune to ‘punish’ him for what he has done to the relationship, the girls are evoked by the struggles that the women went through. This is a metaphor for the way in which Sex and the City viewers and what women of this generation may see as popular culture. As we know, popular culture is a way for third wave feminism to express itself- images of previous feminism that women can relate their personal and identities through it. Thus, it was noted earlier that third wave feminism often celebrates the achievements of the second wave through the consumption of media dramas and television. There are however, some major criticisms of the third wave that can apply to Sex and the City. Sometimes Sex and the City is regarded as not being political enough – as stated by many scholars and Weber in his CO theory. ‘This discourages women from being wider feminists’ (Suite 101, 2010). Sex and the City then, can be criticised for the way in which third wave feminism promoted the well being of the individual and not so much as a society. Female empowerment is seen as negative in Sex and the City. As suggested in the reading the middle class women from the Western society who in Sex and the City have the luxury to spend $50,000 for personal ‘expressive self image’ do not benefit from capitalism in society the same way that a poorer working prostitute in the poorer districts of New York City would. The individual in Sex and the City ‘leads to the promotion of sexualisation for women in society’ (Suite 101, 2010). However Krolokee’s vision of a one sided media represents the third wave encouragements of the film. Therefore the answer to my question earlier: does SATC promote women in the sense of third wave feminism? The answer is yes. This draws us back to the idea of the demographic and the â€Å"notions of universal womanhood† (Krolokee, 2005), in the second film the producers capture a different environment other than New York. When the ladies head to the Middle East they are boycotted by the issues surrounding women and the Burka, Carrie relates to the feminine problems of weight and desire for fast food in humours way suggesting that women will ‘go out of the way of fashion for food’. Thus, the images connotes that the feminist battle is not that wide, well in fact Carries view is less socially weighted. Women of the Western world are not confined by their husbands to wear a Burka, therefore SATC displays something that is very second wave, regarding the politi cal stance. The ladies, while on holiday are also known for having an individual male butler which is a common job for Indian men in the Middle East, however without the support of a wife, the young butlers are at their services of a white-middle class women who is seen as more wealthy and free than this man. She leaves the butler money and the end of the film suggesting that Carrie is a helper to the mans needs, however feminism for the butlers wife is not displayed, the work and social norms of each character is very different from Carrie and SATC’s view on the universal feminist battle. In the Sex and the City films I found that various life style identities are choices by women of Post feminism. In the second film Samantha in particular voices the horror of turning fifty, her forties saw her exploring her sexuality and giving of a good look for women in their forties. However, the debate between beauty culture and feminism is overseen in Sex and the City, it is in fact a great deal of their lives. The sense that women can make their own post revolution choices about what they wear and what beauty enhances they use is their choice. This is often seen in Sex and the City, again when Samantha buys a dress to promote her youth, being told by a youthful figure that I may be to young. She is expressing her post feminist thoughts to the worker, the deeper meaning however relates to the work read about Wolf and oppressed beauty culture. Her views on changing ones self contradicts feminism and is not post feminism, this is a new perspective on the culture of beauty and sugg ests that the choices are post revolutionary but negative reform of feminism. Samantha turning forty to fifty throughout both films I believe is a metaphor for the shift in cultural norms. Thus, a Post Feminist promotes the shift in society and attitudes between men and women, however in Sex and the City the characters lack emotional repress of relationships. Carries disregard for Bigs wants, after work in the First and Second film causes issues that negatively affect their relationship. In the first film she pays no attention to the needs of his marriage that ends up with her admitting that she was wrong. In the second film, her disregard for his feelings about private marriage space ends with her cheating with an old boyfriend, Aiden. This relates to the issues that Thornham noted about Post Feminist discourse. It shows that the term Post Feminist is a term that is less radical and representative of the ideas of feminism, however they do not for fill the gratifications of the other waves. It also relates to the post-revolution feminist sensibility by Gerhard (2005) and argues, Baxter challenges representations of feminism through popular culture, though Lotz’s suggests â€Å"confusion over the terminology many signify one of the key obstacles facing feminist advances at the dawn of the 21st century† (Lotz, 2001, p.1). In which they were right. Wolf argued that second wave culture was full of beauty influences. In relation to Kurucs idea about presenting ourselves as women in a male dominated society is post feminist. For example, Wolfs idea that we currently live in an era full of women who want to change themselves is a post feminist choice made by women. Plastic surgery relates to the way in which the characters use fashion to display their characters as, Wolf noted â€Å"using a new perspective on some old problems for feminism† (Whelehan, 1995, p.216) so we can see that the uses of fashion are ways are post feminist decisions made by the women of SATC. I believe that from what I found in Sex and the City and compared to my literature review that the drama is a perspective of Third Wave feminism. Using sources that I choose from the film, I encounter for many aspects that could argue an un-bias view of Sex and the City. For me the show is Third Wave and based on personal empowerment for the stated reasons above a nd because of the criticisms that also point out the Third Wave perspectives. Overall, I found traits of both types of feminine input into the film. When evaluating the film it is evident that the ways in which the film is Third Wave produce a positive enthuses on women’s feelings. Referring back to literature research two (b): What are the issues in the gendered professional city? Within the film Sex and the City there are occasions that the women are subject to discrimination, proof that it has not been abolished. I found from the Sex and the City film that Miranda is the main subject for feeling undervalued at work, her role as a mother and full time worker relates to thousands of women in the UK today. At the start of the second film she is subject to discrimination that means leaves her feeling undervalued, she eventually quits because she argues back to the masculine figure that dominantly associates with other male figures rather than her, because she is a women. In terms of society today, Fawcett have also published new figures stating that the gender pay gap has decreased by 2.2% over the last year (Fawcett Online, 2010). This shows that male power in the work place is becoming more gender neutral, this represents the state of media culture as Brudson (1997) argues that the state of contemporary political issues are often played out in the shifting dis course of popular media. This issues that surrounded Miranda’s problems for many women relate to Reinardy statement about â€Å"The stress of women is compounded by family issues, sexism, discrimination and the proverbial glass ceiling that limits professional prosperity† (Reinardy, 2009, p.43). The dilemma this arises relates to the CO theory: Weber’s theory relates to rational views on society and in this example Miranda is victim to the process of control over male patriarchy. Amongst other rules and regulations, Miranda like other women in her situation would have the option to make her discrimination visible, however chooses the option to spend more time with her family. The situation she is in is seen from a Third Wave point of view: the aims for empowerment for women in the workplace. This relates to the work recently done by the F-Word who posted the article: The professional masquerade: Women working in corporate finance are expected to adhere to sexist and objectifying dress codes, the story was objectifying the notion that women were still seen as objects (2010). The characters of SATC are able to display these illustrations of real world women who suffer real world social problems like this, as part of being visionaries for other women they also play a big part in contemporary feminism. Luckily, the F-Word and other new technologies enable feminism to be shared quicker and more detailed to more women across the world. In terms of sexuality Carries job as a writer, working for herself is way to express her sexuality which is a trait of third wave feminism. Her job relates to the way in which millions of feminists share views in the real world. Bitch Magazine are a response to popular culture, relating to a chance for women to speak freely about the issues that they want to speak freely about. Carries books all have the titles of real world issues that face relationships of women, as the women’s library in London books are loaned out to women to create a wider voice of feminism. Carries job is very individualistic because she has no constraints of the male dominated work place, unlike her friends she is unaware of the social problems In terms of the debate between the Western environment and the theories surrounding the problems I can initially see that gender is divided into two. These spheres for men and women are becoming more reformed due to the visibility of the issues. Pringles research showed us that â€Å"corporate managing roles are normally male dominated jobs, while women’s roles are less active, such as secretaries (Pringle, 2005, p.38). So the division of labour is seen as negative for women. Conclusion SATC touched on feminist choices, I found that each character promotes individual feminism. The show is used in a Post Feminist tense because the ladies are socially unrestricted. The encouragement of sexuality and diversity, as first was a trait of third wave feminism. Liberal issues were played upon the text and in each film there were experiences of most waves, however as a whole the wider scale of SATC is to promote feminist discourse in a post – revolutionary perspective or post feminism. The writers in SATC believed that the show appealed to a particular demographic, from my results I can see that this is true. The argument between geographical based feminism showed the universal struggles of women around the world, I found ‘lead to the sexualisation of women’ and could be the cause for the one sided portrayal of the media in the Western society. According to many contemporary feminist websites such as the F-Word and Fawcett Online there are different cases of feminism that arise. The concept relating to the waves of feminism in my secondary research is revolution, how feminism has changed throughout history, however has managed to appear in different circumstances within the work place. Even though the work place is a place of managing diversity, a) for the business and b) for the wellbeing of equality there is visibly still certain circumstances that effect the stigma of women and work. Throughout the last months I have been carrying out research based on the films SATC 1 and 2. Whilst doing this I have been collecting results that I think measure up to theory of feminism. Before I started this project, feminism was a term that is misunderstood. Due to my wider understanding of peoples theories and objectives, I am now more aware of the term. References Arthurs, J. (2003). Sex and the City and Consumer Culture. Remediating Postfeminist Drama. 3 (1), p83-98 Baxter, J. (2009). Constructions of Active Womanhood and New Femininities . From a Feminist Linguistic Perspective, is Sex and the City a modernist or a Post Modernist TV text?. 32 (1), p91-96. Beasley, C (2005). Gender and Sexuality: Critical Theories, Critical Thinkers. London: SAGE Publications. Booth, P (1996). Controlling development. London: Routledge. p35.57. Borda, J. (2009). Labour struggle and the Solidarity in Live Girls Unite!. Negotiating Feminist Politics in the Third Wave: . 57 (2), 117-135. Booth, C (1996). Changing Places: Women’s lives in the city. London: Paul Chapman. p16-32. Davis, C. (2004). Print Society: Women and Print in 19th Century Britain. [Online]. Accessed on 8th December 2010 from: http://www2.brookes.ac.uk/schools/artsandhumanities/publishing/PRINTSOC/women/intro.html! Fawcett. (2010). Progress on equal pay stalling, new figures show. Available: fawcettsociety.org.uk/index.asp?Pageid=9. Last accessed 6th Jan 2011. FWS. (2005). A Working Womans Guide to Her Rights. Available: http://feminism.eserver.org/workplace/wages/equal-pay.txt. Last accessed 2nd March 2011. FWS. (2005). Subject to debate. Available: http://feminism.eserver.org/workplace/wages/women-cause-poverty.txt. Last accessed 2nd March 2011. Gerhard, J. (2005). Sex and the City. Carrie Bradshaws queer postfeminism. 5 (1), p38-49. Henry, A (2004). Reading Sex and the City. London: I.B. Tauris Co Ltd. p65-82. Johnson, K. (2010). Bitch Media. Available: http://bitchmagazine.org/. Last accessed 17 March 2011. Kuruc, K. (1998). Fashion as a communication. A semiotic analysis of fashion on Sex and the City. 37 (8), p194-214. Krolokke, J. (2005). Three Waves of Feminism. From Suffragettes to Grrls. 1 (1), p1-24. Lotz, Amanda D. (2001). Postfeminist Television Criticism . Rehabilitating Critical Terms and Identifying Postfeminist Attributes. 1 London Metropolitan University. (2011). Exhibitions. Available: londonmet.ac.uk/thewomenslibrary/whats-on/exhibitions/exhibitions_home.cfm. Last accessed 6th Jan 2011. McRobbie, A. (2008). Young Women and Consumer. An Intervention. 22 McRobbie, A. (2008). Young Women and Consumer. An Intervention. 22 (5), p531-547. Negra, D. (2008). Structural Integrity. Historical Reversion, and The post 9/11 Chick Flick. 8 (1), p51-58. Price, A. (2011). Classical organization theory. Available: hrmguide.co.uk/history/classical_organization_theory.htm. Last accessed 17 March 2011. Pouncey. (2008). Creating Rooms of our own: Writers at work at girls write now. Youth Media Reporter. 6 (1), p.257-260. Redfern, C. (2004). About The F-Word. Avalable: thefword.org.uk/index. Last accessed 6th Jan 2011. (F-Word) Reinardy, S. (2009). Female Journalists More Likely To Leave Newspapers. Newspaper Research Journal. 30 (3), p.38-54. Rockler-Gladen. (2007). Personal Empowerment Dominates This Feminist Philosophy . Available: suite101.com/content/third-wave-feminism-a20276. Last accessed 17 March 2011. Seidman, S., Fischer, N Meeks, C (2006). Handbook of the New Sexuality Studies. London: Taylor Francis. p6-10. Spicer, K. (2008, March 4). Film. Retrieved Feburary 25, 2011, from Times Online: http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article3838953.ece Spice TBUK. (2010). Forming Storming Norming Performing. Available: teambuilding.co.uk/Forming_Storming_Norming_Performing.html. Last accessed 17 March 2011. Thornham, S (2007). Women, Feminism and Media. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press . p.58-78. Whelehan, I (1995). Modern Feminist Thought: From the Second Wave to Post Feminism . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p.30-65. White, C (1970). Womens magazines, 1693-1968 . London : Joseph . p1-337. Writer, M. (2007). Feminism in Waves: A Brief Overwiew of the First, Second and Third Wave. Available: associatedcontent.com/article/392800/feminism_in_waves_a_brief_overwiew.html? Ramsay and Parker, 1992 Acker, 1991 Stainton, 2003 Best Facial Cleansing Brushes:  http://bestmakeuplooks.com/beauty/best-facial-cleansing-brushes/

Richard Gagnon at Granston Energy Inc Case Study

Richard Gagnon at Granston Energy Inc - Case Study Example There are mainly two things to be analyzed – First one, why was Gagnon reprimanded by the CEO? And the Second one, what would have been the alternative way out to the above discussed complex situation? Basically, if we consider the issues from each individual’s viewpoint then we can say that everyone is correct on their part. The Product Manager Mr. Meadows rejected the previous work done by the printing firm & also he, didn’t accept the higher price charged by the firm for the new assignment, therefore it can be said that it’s a right step taken as because it is always expected from an employee that he would try to lower his employer’s expenses. He stated that the job which needed to be re-done doesn’t need to incur so much of cost as the set-up to be used would remain the same. So it can be concluded that from the business & legal perspective, he is absolutely correct. But if we look at the human perspective then it can be said that Mr. Meadows is a completely business oriented person & he doesn’t know how to behave nicely nor does he consider someone else’s problem. On the other hand, Mr. Gerrard had to do the job again & that too within a short time. For this extra effort, his employees would be working overtime & he needs to pay them. Therefore he charged a higher price for the job & we can say that he had a strong logic for charging the higher price. Also, he didn’t wish to lose a big business like Granston & therefore he agreed upon to the terms of Gagnon. It’s clear that he got involved in some illegal activities for the sake of his business. Mr. Gagnon was acting as the middleman between his client & his supplier. Both were important for him. He can’t afford to lose any of them at any cost. Also, he is well known in the company for getting things done with high responsiveness & creativity.  

Intro to research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intro to research - Essay Example Regardless of the varying requirements, it is an accurate assertion that change in the organization is inevitable. For this reason, the role of the manager should be developed to suit the requirements of change. The approach to change is not limited to one department of area of strategy. In an argument by Burke organizational change is an overall strategy in the workplace (287). The effort to implement change should be equal at the top and lower levels of the organization. This allows for the equal organization transformation at all departments. For instance, an organization may have the need to implement digital system for its operations. For the need to be effectively addressed, the digital platforms should be placed in all departments. The decision may allow for operational synchronization from the top level to the lower level departments (Myers, Hulks & Wiggins 49) In addition to the selection of a placement strategy, change requires proper selection of the needs of the organization. Myers, Hulks & Wiggins is of the assumption that the decision to create change should be placed at the responsibility of the executive members (263). The authors further point out that the decision, however, is reached after an effective scrutiny of the organizational performance (Myers, Hulks & Wiggins 263). The performance of the organization is measured against its set targets, goals and mission. In this approach to change, the executive analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the organization based on its performance. The market perception of the organization also influences the decision to influence change. The changing market and consumer trends are the major factors of influencing the decision to implement change in the organization (Myers, Hulks & Wiggins 22). The process of change implementation provides the most challenging task in organizational change. The task is provided to the executive. In an argument by Burke implementing

Journalism In China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journalism In China - Essay Example For instance, according to the guardian newspaper, a journalist Zhang Ping also known as Chang Ping forced himself out of the journalist profession due to tight restrictions posed by the Chinese government. He got punished repetitively for tackling sensitive issues touching the government in the Southern Metropolis newspaper. This raises many questions on the safety and freedom of journalists in China. The paper, therefore, attempts to analyze various underlying issues behind the freedom and safety of media journalists. The world association of newspapers called on the Chinese government, to honor the promises on reforms and allows freedom of the press. This is due to the continued increase of security issues of journalists who cover insightful issues. Journalists play an extremely imperative role in the media industry, and any attempt to hamper their operations, limit exploitation of their potential. China for instance is one of the leading countries in imprisonment of journalist. T his has attracted the world’s attention considering the Olympic bid of the country (World association of newspapers, 2012) The organization committee of the Olympic activities gave the country ultimatums on the issue of press freedom. In as much as the government promised to make amendments the following was arrest and detainment of 30 journalists and 50 cyber reporters (Tong, 2011). This is a move, which questions freedom of journalists. Consequently, the Chinese government restricts coverage of dominant international events. This got evidenced by the murder trial of Gu Kailai and wife of Bo Xilai, where restrictions got made, and authorities were there to ensure no press got involved (World association of newspapers, 2012). In as much as the government makes tough restrictions on journalists, internet has become its principal challenge as people and journalists are opting to the media device as a means of spreading information. Media safety has also raised concern due to th e death of a journalist Mika Yamamoto. This is one of the prominent journalists in china who got known for giving update information on various issues. However, his death got attracted by covering poignant clashes in the Huangdo region. In February 28, 2012, the United States ambassador to china met with various American journalists based in china where many issues got raised concerning the freedom of china press (Tong, 2011). An attempt to organize demonstrations, with the aim of reaching the information to the Chinese government was not met with a king heart after the police harassed and seized journalist equipment. The intimations according to ambassador Huntsman was one of the inhuman acts of the Chinese government. Further, he called on the Chinese government, to arrest and detains those responsible for the actions; however, this got countered by intermittent government claims (World association of newspapers, 2012). The Chinese media freedom has faced various human rights and fueled attacks preventing journalists from covering accurate and fair information. Open and free, democratic media culture are a campaign, which seeks to bring back and sustain media freedom. This is a campaign, which strengthens conditions of professional and independent journalists (Branigan, 2011). In addition, it creates a monitoring network together with IFJ affiliates by reporting actions against

Comparison of Project Management Methodologies

Comparison of Project Management Methodologies Introduction Project management describes an organizational approach to the management about ongoing operations linked to a project. Project management has an importance since the early 1980s as a distinct discipline. The first step in developing any discipline is to develop a Body of Knowledge on the discipline as detailed concepts, processes and methodologies are developed. Project management has recognition due to the massive growth of the IT industry and managing the problems of projects effectively. Project management has body of knowledge, project management tools and software. The project management body of knowledge is a universal body of knowledge on the discipline and it has developed to make basic competency and knowledge in project management personnel to handle difficult projects in an ordered manner. A methodology is a set of guiding principle that can be modified and useful to a precise condition. A methodology might also be a precise approach, templates, forms, and even checklists used over the project life cycle. A recognized project methodology is supposed to lead the effort of all team members all over the life cycle of a project. All members of a group should be well-known with and use the selected methodology right through their projects. Many project management methodologies agreement with the management of a single project, without appreciating that many other projects in a company compete for the very same assets and awareness. The project management methodology should also suggest project managers with the point of view that there is a project management framework and related methodologies present in the company. In this article, we will be discussing PMBoK of the Project Management Institute (PMI, USA) and APM (Association of Project Managers) (UK). In addition, we will also look at PRINCE2, that is more of a software product for project management, but flexible enough to fit in between, a body of knowledge and a full scale SW product. While both APM and Prince2 have their origin in UK, PMBoK is from PMI of USA. APM represents the BoK from France, Germany, UK, and Switzerland. PMBoK and APM are body of knowledge while PRINC2 is a PM software product and hence branded as prescriptive (defined for the user with limited flexibility within the overall framework), while the BoK is just a body of knowledge, that need to be put to use by defining the operational elements. Benefits of Project Management Methodologies Structured approaches as in PMBOK and products such as Prince2, enable capture all elements of the project upfront; educate project team on the various elements and their relationships /dependencies, to create a workable and accountable team environment. Projects as different from non project (operational) environments are extremely time, resource, dependencies and outcome sensitive, and are not eternal. To implement a project, a team is assembled to execute the project as different from an operational phase where employees work on a consistent / homogeneous environment for long time, and there is a natural learning process of the job and cross dependencies. Projects cannot afford the luxury of natural learning. PM methodologies thus focus on the conscious deliberate approach to build capacity in the project team for execution through training, clear definition of the project, roles and tasks, assets, improvement description and methods of tracking improvement, communication, risk ma nagement and mid course correction, and so on. These are achieved through defined processes and definition of functional areas and their relationships. A project organization structure will deliver the output in line with the processes defined in the PM methodologies. Thus a structured approach greatly helps in avoiding costly and time consuming discoveries during the project phase, and adopting a trial and error method. It is basically an attempt to define and clarify upfront, and put in place processes to implement tasks that are clarified and defined. PM methodologies also ensure through IT technology that drives them, consistency and integrity of project information and the data it relies on, for subsequent actions by various project team actors. Data consistency and timely availability is one of the most critical impediments to any project. Technology induction in PM helps in having one single page view of all facets of the project at any point in time, for all stakeholders, on a need to know basis, within as well as outside the project. As structured approaches removes this shortcoming by capturing data from the business processes itself, there is no need for or time lost in database updating. The updating is thus compulsive, error free and automatic. Structured approaches also helps define criticality and automatic generation of alerts on defined project events for timely intervention as well as tracking performance. This helps avoid costly actions that otherwise would have been taken based on hunch, without access to current data. Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) PMBOK was initiated by the PMI in 1987 to standardize generally accepted project management practices. The focus is on process driven management to ensure standardization of good practices on the lines of ISO 9000 and the Software Engineering Institutes CMMI. PMBOK is structured as five process groups and nine knowledge areas and is compliant with IEEE Std 1490-2003. The five processes are: Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, and Closing. PMBoK processes are project phase driven in terms of Inputs (documents, plans, designs, etc.), Tools and Techniques (mechanisms applied to inputs) and Outputs (documents, products, etc.). The nine knowledge areas address Project Integration, Scope, Time, Cost, Quality, Human Resources, Communications, Risk and Procurement. Each knowledge area is conceived to comprise all or some of the processes. The philosophy of any PM methodology is breaking down the works in a structured manner (WBS), sequencing them, define their relationships, dependencies, start and end dates, resources needed, costs, risks, and follow concepts of critical paths, resource leveling and so on. PM methodologies explicitly identify all above ingredients of a project that are mostly internal to the project. In addition, there are several factors considered to be exogenous to the project itself, which thinking is changing now. These exogenous factors are the human resources, finance, environmental management, stakeholder management, regulations, relationships, risks, project outcomes in terms of quantifiable benefits and the time when they are to occur, Thus project management has extended its boundary by internalizing their forward and backward linkages with the project itself. PM is no longer a pure engineering function, but a critical holistic techno, commercial managerial task. Why PMBOK? The project management body of knowledge is a generalized body of knowledge on the discipline, developed to create basic competence and knowledge, in project management personnel, to handle complex projects in a structured manner. This was important since the people working and managing projects (having to manage projects) in the IT industry, was young and inexperienced, and IT project management itself was an emerging area. Therefore it was felt that a defined body of knowledge is necessary to build the concept of PM. Comparison with Traditional or non-structured methodology (Waterfall Model) Waterfall model is expensive and lengthy to back to a previous phase to fix them if encounter difficulties during one phase. If there have problems with the design during construction, then the only way is to stop all construction work and restart the design process otherwise most of the construction work will not match the new design. Construction can start again only after the new design finalized, documented, and signed off. It makes changes very difficult to implement the PMBOK can formulate waterfall development seem natural and appropriate. PRINCE 2 PRINCE2 project management methodology is a world-class standard for managing projects to a successful conclusion. It is a de facto standard used widely by the UK Government and is broadly recognized and used in the private area, both in the UK and globally. PRINCE2, the method, is in the public area, offering non-proprietorial best-practice guideline on project management. In fact Prince2 is not good enough on the quality management in projects but strong on Risk Management. It covers how to arrange, proceed and control your projects.  As a Project manager, the principles of PRINCE2 and the related training can be used to any type of project to manage risk, control quality and change successfully, as well as build the most of demanding situations and opportunities, that occur within a project. The key features of PRINCE2 are: its spotlight on business justification a definite business constitution for the project management team its product-based development approach its highlighting on isolating the project into controllable and manageable stages its elasticity to be used at a stage suitable to the project PRINCE2 does not explain all aspects of project management.   Fields such as leadership and people management skills, detailed coverage of project management tools and techniques covered by other existing and proven methods are excluded from PRINCE2. Benefits of using PRINCE2 PRINCE2 gives benefits to the managers and directors of a project and to an organization through the apply of resources and the skill to manage business and risk more successfully. PRINCE is broadly recognized, understood and giving a general language for all participants in a project. It also supports formal identification of duties within a project and focuses on what a project is to deliver, why, when and for whom. PRINCE2 supplies projects with a controlled and organized start, middle and end. It helps to review of progress against plan and against the business case and ensure the involvement of management and stakeholders at the right time and place during the project and good communication guide between the project, project management and the organization. Project Managers using PRINCE2 are able to: set up terms of reference as a precondition to the initiate of a project use a defined formation for delegation, authority and communication split the project into controllable phases for more correct planning make sure resource promise from management is part of any approval to proceed give regular but brief management reports maintain meetings with management and stakeholders to a minimum but at the essential points in the project. For senior management PRINCE2 uses the management by exception idea. They are kept fully up to date of the project condition without having to be present at regular, time-consuming meetings. There are many organizations providing teaching, consultancy and tools services for PRINCE2, thus ensuring a competitive supply. In addition, there is an active user group dedicated to the support, promotion and strengthening of the method. APM Body of Knowledge The APM Body of Knowledge is a recognized collection of project management knowledge. It gives introductions and general guides to those areas measured vital to the regulation of managing projects, and it is visibly structured with definitions, explanations and recommended further evaluation material. This information will direct and help those involved in project management in their effort, studies and learning for accepted qualifications. While a structure has been provided to handle the BoK, it should not be construed as one element of the structure, being independent of the other. In fact they are all interdependent and the structure is only for the purpose of logical organization and clarity. They are treated separately due to their significance and to aid in simplicity of their presentation. In reality, many topics may fit into more than one section as they may be applicable to more than one phase of a project. For example, project risk management and project quality management are not to be treated as topics in isolation. APM Body of Knowledge and PRINCE2 Compared There are many similarities that can be found when comparing the APM Body of Knowledge with PRINCE2. For example, they both: Describe generic approaches to project management that can be useful in spite of the type of project Can be applied across geological and cultural boundaries, even though they both originate within the United Kingdom Recognize that they cannot provide a one-size-fits-all formula to project success Cover the topics of Business Case, Organizational Roles, Quality Management, Risk Management, Change Control, Issue Management, Configuration Management, and aspects of Planning and of Progress Control. The key difference between APM Body of Knowledge and PRINCE2 PRINCE 2 is a structured project management method and APM BoK a body of project management knowledge APM BoK provides descriptions and explanations of a broad range of project management topics and takes a discipline-based approach to project management , where PRINCE 2 Provides detailed descriptions of specific approaches that PRINCE2 has for a fairly narrow range of project management topics and takes a process-based approach to project management A brief comparison of PMBOK and APM depicts following salient features In addition to commonalities, PMBOK explicitly addresses socio economics, quality management, risk management, communication, stakeholders and organizational influences, while APM addresses success / failure criteria, post project appraisal, project environment such as law, mobilization, delegation, leadership communication, conflict, negotiation, and industrial relations, marketing skills. IT Governance and Methodologies IT project committee has come into view as an important corporate duty. The capacity to manage strict managerial and board control over main IT projects throughout their lifecycle, has become a decision making issue in shaping businesses bloom and creator with tools at the spirit of most businesses. PRINCE 2 offers a process model that is aimed to be applied, as a set of steps in a coherent sequence by a project manager in planning and managing a project. The application of the process model is adjustable to almost all types of projects and a good number of complexities. Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 manual contains a number of materials that are regulations for a project manager in applying the process model. The PMBOK details are a set of processes that descend under nine Knowledge Areas and can be connected in five groups if the project manager prefers. PMBOK offers the project manager a considerable range of data about proven practices in this area and provoke the project manager to relate these where they think appropriate but PRINCE2 provides more regulatory steps for the project manager and teams to follow. Knowledge areas of the PMBOK and the procedures and materials of PRINCE2 and APM have many similar topics. It is clear that all three represent best practice with their difference being in the implementation as a methodology and a number of terminology differences. The PRINCE 2 approach has some advantages that it brings a degree of consistency in an organization. At the same time as allowing for tailoring to a range of projects generally requires undertaking the same processes and using the same terminology for all projects. There have some payback in corporate program management, project staff training programs, project presentation and tracking systems. The disadvantage is restricts creativity in the diversity of methods applied to managing a project. There have some benefits in accepting both PMBOK and PRINCE2 to co-exist in several companies. PMBOK presents the academic knowledge resource that is useful in improving the profession of project management. It also permits flexibility in adoption and implementation that is context driven. PRINCE2 presents a process model that is applied directly by project managers and teams from a diverse range of backgrounds to make consistent project management and project results. Though there are several commonalities across projects of all types one need to have organizational efficiency, flexibility and creativity to make various kind of projects. In short PRINCE2 is a ready to consume food, while PMBOK and APM are ingredients that need to be cooked the way one wants, but one need to know how to do it. Concluding observations While there are only a few initiatives on the Body of Knowledge in Project Management such as PmBok and APM, there are several Software products that help implement a professional and structured project management practice. These products vary from stand alone packages that are implementable on single systems to the most sophisticated ones that are even implementable as a web based system, Some of the products also integrate with the other organizational systems such ERP and functional software packages that help integrate the entire functions of running an organization whether in the excusive business of managing projects or projects are only one of the activities of the organization. While the BoK helps those in project management to understand project management as a structured disciple the products helps in implementing structured project management practice. Project management as any other discipline is still emerging and it should not be surprising if the discipline undergoes a complete transformation as the discipline matures and branches out into further project specific specialties as has happened in the case of Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP). Project management specialists should look out for such evolving opportunities with an open innovative mind.